Education

U.S. Healthcare vs. The Rest Of The World

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Healthcare is at the very core of the country’s current struggles. Many other developed nations have worked out sustainable models for health care, but in the US, that is not the case.  Americans spend $477 billion a year MORE on health care than other advanced countries, which amounts to $1,645 per person every year. Medical Billing and Coding put together two amazing infographics that show exactly why we pay so much for health care compared to other wealthy nations. Source: Medical Billing and Coding

How to Deal With Excessive Risk Concentration?

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Jonathan Jacob of Forethought Risk, an independent risk advisory firm, sent me his Benefits Canada article, How to deal with excessive risk concentration:

In my previous column, Examining portfolio risk, we discussed ex-ante risk, ex-post risk and how both measures can provide greater understanding of portfolio risk. In this column I would like to discuss the options that are available to a pension fund manager that discovers excessive risk concentration in a fund through ex-ante risk reports.When a pension fund utilizes the services of multiple investment managers, there is potential for overlap of risk, causing excessive concentration of risk. Excessive risk concentration can be found in exposure to a single company, a sector of the economy, or a currency among others. If the pension fund manager receives ex-ante reports on risk which aggregate all investment manager portfolios, he or she may recognize an exposure as excessive prior to a potential blow-up.

One potential approach to the excessive risk is to ask one of the investment managers to trim risk to the asset with excess exposure. The investment manager will likely disapprove the request, justifiably claiming that the initial agreement did not include such restrictions and any future measurement of their performance will be tainted by this decision.

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On Longevity Derivatives

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I am a firm believer in “you can’t get something for nothing.”  So it is when a new derivative is proposed.  Either there are natural counterparties to take up the exposure (reducing their risk), or speculators must be encouraged to take the risk (more likely).

So, with longevity derivatives, the risk is people living too long leading to more pension payments in future years.  The proposition is: find a party that is willing to make more payments if mortality is better than expected, and offer him a payment, or series of payments, as an inducement to enter the transaction.

Let’s think for a moment, what entities benefit from a rise in longevity?  I can think of one: life insurers.  But there is a problem: anti-selection.  People who buy life insurance tend to be sicker than those of the general population, who tend to be sicker than annuitants.  Annuitants live the longest, and their lifespans improve the most on average.  Life insurers would find taking on longevity risk to be a dirty hedge at best for their life insurance books.  In general there have been few reinsurance agreements for longevity risk for immediate annuity portfolios, but then, that would be a really small component of the life insurance industry at present.

Even when terminal funding was permitted (back in the 1980s to early 90s) — where plan sponsors could buy annuities from insurers to

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Rebalancing through wage increases

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Is China currently rebalancing?  The currency has been appreciating, the PBoC has hiked interest rates four times, and wages have been surging.  Because of all of this I am often asked if China has finally begun the long-waited rebalancing process and whether we have yet seen an improvement in the underlying economy caused by a rising consumption share.

Those who were hoping the answer was yes will have been disappointed by the release Thursday of the World Bank’s China Quarterly Update – April 2011. Here is their summary:

China’s economic growth has remained resilient as the macro stance moved towards normalization. Both fiscal and monetary policy contributed to the normalization. Consumption growth slowed in early 2011. But overall domestic demand held up well, supported by still strong investment growth. Real estate investment has so far remained robust to measures to contain housing prices—a policy focus. Reducing inflation is the other policy priority, after inflation rose to 5.4%, largely on higher food prices.

So what is going on?  Isn’t China doing all the right things – raising wages, the exchange rate and interest rates – and, if so, why isn’t the economy rebalancing towards higher levels of household income and consumption?

The key, I think, is in distinguishing between real and nominal changes.  On a nominal basis, for example, it is clear that the currency is appreciating, interest

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Kroszner and Shiller, Reforming U.S. Financial Markets

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A slight but nonetheless thoughtful book,Reforming U.S. Financial Markets: Reflections Before and Beyond Dodd-Frank (MIT Press, 2011) grew out of the fifth Alvin Hansen Symposium on Public Policy held at Harvard in 2009. At this symposium Robert J. Shiller and Randall S. Kroszner presented papers, which were then commented on by Benjamin M. Friedman (the editor of this volume), George G. Kaufman, Robert C. Pozen, and Hal S. Scott. 

I assume those readers who watch CNBC are acquainted with Shiller and Kroszner, since both are frequent guests. Shiller, a professor of economics at Yale University, is probably best known for his bookIrrational Exuberance. He also developed, with Karl E. Case, the Case-Shiller home price indices that depress us month after month. Kroszner, a professor of economics at the University of Chicago’s Booth School of Business, is a former fed governor.

In this post I want to concentrate on a couple of points in Shiller’s more controversial paper, “Democratizing and Humanizing Finance,” described by Pozen as “almost philosophical.” (p. 102)

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How Offshore Drilling & Oil Subsidies Impact The Price Of Gas

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According to Ben Jervey, the Senate rejected a bill (last night) that would’ve cut about half of the $4 billion-a-year in tax breaks and subsidies to the five largest oil companies. Today, Republicans are advancing a bill to rapidly expand and speed up offshore drilling. In both instances, the relatively high current prices of gasoline are being used to make the case for making life easier on big oil companies. We’ve been spending a lot of time explaining why neither offshore drilling nor oil industry tax breaks have much of any impact on gas prices. Our friends at 350.org just released a great and … Read more

‘s a house worth?

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By Harvey Sax

I was having a discussion with a  hedge fund manager friend of mine about what determines  house values and it dawned on me, this is really a complex question.  Having been a stock trader for so long, I was quick to jump to the conclusion that a house is worth what someone would be willing to pay for it in a reasonable period of time.  I’m not sure what reasonable means but perhaps a sixty to ninety day auction process would determine the real value.  Of course there are the various real estate appraisal methods of valuation but that doesn’t really interest me.  Instead what creates the value?

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Economic Issues for the Telecom Industry: 2011-2012

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By Dr. Bill Conerly

Economic uncertainty is only one significant issue facing the telecom industry now, but it intertwines with the technological changes and social changes that are causing so much turmoil in the industry. Once the path for consumer and business spending is defined, the other changes affecting the industry will fall into clearer focus.

Nutshell

Consumer spending is reviving and now exceeds its pre-recession peak. Consumers were slow to get going after the financial crisis and even now are being conservative. Key to the growth is the increase in consumer incomes. That’s surprising to many given the weak employment numbers, but there is solid explanation for rising incomes. First, hours worked per employee has risen since the depths of the recession. Second, those with jobs have earned pay raises averaging about two percent per year. Third, taxes as a share of consumer income have fallen in the past two years, partly for stimulus policy and partly because lower incomes are subject to lower tax rates. Finally, we’ve actually enjoyed job growth in recent months, with the employment count about one percent higher than a year ago. So consumers have more money than they used to.

Consumers are being prudent with their extra income. About 88 cents out of every additional dollar of take home pay is being spent, with 12 cents going into savings and paying down debt. The average savings rate is about six percent now, so the practice of saving 12 percent of additional earnings will raise the average savings rate over time. This is sound financial practice for most households. Although more money is going into savings, more money is also going into spending. That ensures that the current economic strength will continue.

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On Systemic Risk

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There are five factors for systemic risk.  Here they are:

  1. Asset size of the institution, including synthetic exposures.
  2. Degree of leverage of the institution, including synthetic exposures.
  3. Asset-Liability mismatch, particularly financing long assets with short liabilities (including derivatives and margin agreements — think of AIG, or mortgage REITs on repo).
  4. Degree to which the institutions owns financial companies equity or debt, or vice-versa, where other financial companies have claims on the institution in question.
  5. Riskiness of the assets owned by the institution in question.

Contributing to the risks include easy monetary policy, which can lead/has led  to the neglect of risk control.  Personally, if I were a regulator of systemic risk, I would throw my effort at companies that fit factors 1 and 2, and analyze them for the other three factors.

Systemic risk is layered levered credit risk. A lent to B, who lent to C, who lent to D, who financed a bunch of bad mortgages.

#5 is underwriting risk

#4 is connectedness risk

#3 is liquidity risk

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Weekend Reading

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Weekends are a great time to catch up on some of the good reads from the week… Goldman’s O’Neill Sees Investors Missing Stock Rally on ‘Black Swan’ Fears (Bloomberg) Facebook’s Stealth Attack on Google Exposes Its Own Privacy Problem (Wired) Lessons From The Flash Crash (Forbes) The People vs. Goldman Sachs (Rolling Stone) A Crude Guess About The Future (Freakonomics) Is College a Rotten Investment? (Slate) The World’s 26 Best Cities for Business, Life, and Innovation (The Atlantic) On the Floor Laughing: Traders Are Having a New Kind of Fun  (The Atlantic) Gloom and Doom, and How to Profit From … Read more

How to Shrink the Deficit

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It annoys me that Republicans argue against elimination of special tax benefits for anyone, calling it a tax increase.  Let’s get things straight here: tax increases are things that affect everyone. The tax code needs to be cleaned up, as do subsidies.  It is not the proper place of government to be handing out special favors.  If the Republicans want to do what is right they need to trade — eliminate a subsidy/tax break that some of their constituents like in exchange for eliminating a subsidy/tax break that the Democrats like.  Rinse, lather, repeat, until we are back to something … Read more

Inflation Speculation

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When currencies do not serve as a long-term store of value, economic actors search for ways to preserve future purchasing power, which often mean purchasing commodities. But most commodities are not cheaply storable over long periods, so actors get forced into the few that do: gold, silver, etc. There is a problem here, stemming from dumb money. When dumb money shows up for purchase of generic “commodities” distortions follow: backwardation, large storage demand, and warped market incentives.

Eventually overproduction catches up, but the volatility when it breaks can be huge and self-reinforcing, with c0unterparties raising margin to protect themselves.  Extreme volatility causes exchanges to raise margin requirements substantially, which reveals which side of the trade is inadequately financed, which typically is the side that was winning, which leads to a reversal in price action.  The dumb money is revealed.

Now after a washout, the dumb money often assumes that powerful entrenched interests colluded against them to deny them their long-deserved free ride to prosperity through speculation.  The exchanges are in cahoots with the other side.  Well, no, the exchanges have two interests, which are solvency and transaction volume, which drives their profits.  Solvency is a more primary goal for an exchange, because the second goal can’t exist without it, and exchanges are not thickly capitalized.

Many different types of financial systems are subject to these risks.  Think of AIG: they were rendered insolvent by rising margin requirements as their creditworthiness was downgraded, largely because the rating agencies concluded they were going to lose a lot of money off of their many bets on subprime residential credit.  Think of all of the mortgage REITs that got killed as repo haircuts rose on all manner of mortgage-backed securities at the time that values for the securities were depressed.  Alternatively, think of Buffett, who entered into derivative trades where he received money and bore the risk, but his agreements limited the margin that he would have to post.

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The Cost of Being Poor

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As if the current job market and economy didn’t make it hard enough for low income households in America to make ends meet, it turns out that living below the poverty line is actually more costly in many respects as well. It not only takes money to make money, it also takes quite a bit of money to live in poverty. This graphic illustrates how expensive it is to be a poor American… Source: Onlinesociologydegree.net

Advanced Cloud Computing Report: What To Do Now?

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    The potential benefits of cloud computing includes promoting economic growth, creating employment and enabling innovation and collaboration….This report presents eight action areas for providers of cloud computing services and government agencies. it is intended to set the agenda for further engagement among all stakeholders, ensuring the healthy future development of the cloud computing industry. [scribd id=54138441 key=key-p4iyprbb4jkipzai145 mode=list]   Source: World Economic Forum via Scribd

Chinese recycling and US interest rates

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I mentioned in last week’s blog entry that during my trips to New York, Washington and Hangzhou in the past two weeks one of the common themes was concern about rising debt levels and weaknesses in the banking sector.  Another theme – one which I want to discuss in this entry – was the possible impact of China’s rebalancing on US and global interest rates.  A lot of people were very concerned that if China does indeed rebalance, US interest rates will soar.

The argument runs like this.  If China raises the consumption share of GDP faster than investment declines, this will result in a reduction in China’s current account surplus.  Clearly if China’s current account surplus drops, the amount of capital it exports must drop in tandem – since a rising share of consumption means a declining share of savings and so a declining excess of savings over investment which must be exported.

But because it is recycling the world’s (and history’s) largest current account surplus, China is one of the world’s largest purchasers of US government bonds.  If China’s current account surplus declines, and so China sharply cuts back on its purchases of US government bonds, this should automatically cause US interest rates to rise.

In at least half the meetings I attended this was the argument.  Fortunately for me, just after I returned to Beijing Martin Feldstein made the same argument in a Project Syndicate blog entry.  He starts out;

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Reforming the banks

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I just got back from a very interesting but hectic week in New York and Washington, followed by two days at a conference in Hangzhou.  During my meetings I noticed that much of the discussion, and many of the questions I was asked by both government officials and investors, focused on debt levels and reforms in the Chinese financial system.  I have written a lot about rising debt in China and am glad that analysts and policymakers seem to be spending a lot more time thinking about balance sheet issues.  Every case of rapid, investment-driven growth in the past century, as far as I can make out, has at some point reached a stage in which debt levels rose to unsustainable levels and precipitated either a debt crisis or a long grinding adjustment period.

The reason debt levels always seem to grow unsustainably, I suspect, is that in the initial stages of the growth model much if not all of the investment is economically viable as it pours into building necessary infrastructure whose profits and externalities exceed the cost of the investment.  The result is real growth.  At some point, however, the combination of subsidies, distorted incentives (in which investment benefits accrue to those making the investment while costs are shared broadly through the banking system), and very cheap financing costs leads inexorably to wasted investment and debt rising faster than asset values.  This is when the debt burden begins to rise in an unsustainable way.

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‘s Changed Since the Flash Crash

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Summary Report of the Joint CFTC-SEC Advisory Committee on Emerging Regulatory Issues,February 18, 2011Do you feel lucky? Well… do ya?It has been nearly one year since the infamous Flash Crash of May 6, 2010 exposed the vulnerabilities in our USmarket structure.Steady and controlled selling gave way to a dangerous and precipitous plunge, as algorithmic proprietary traderstripped over each other to see who could hit the next bid the fastest. After a pause in one market center, the algo-bots raced to see who could take offers and cover shorts the fastest, and the 1,000 plus DJIA drop reversed just asfast. Phillip Morris fell from nearly $49 to … Read more

Where do we stand? A look at Bullish Sentiment & Bull Markets

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According to Bespoke Invest, The S&P 500 is currently on pace to close at a new bull market high for the first time since February 18th.  With this milestone, the bull market will officially make it to the two-year mark (the last closing high on 2/18 was two and a half weeks shy of the two-year mark). In the chart below we compare the current bull market to the 25 prior S&P 500 bull markets since 1928.  With a gain of about 99% in a little more than two years (778 days), the current bull market ranks right near the middle in terms of … Read more

‘s Press Conference, No Rate Hike Until July 2012?

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Yesterday was a historic day. The Federal Reserve gave their first press conference, ever. Below is the actual full press conference so you can watch for yourselves, in full. What are your thoughts on how Ben handled the issues at hand? Barclays Capital looks does not look for the Federal Reserve to hike interest rates until the summer of 2012 and says the loose monetary policy in the meantime should remain supportive for gold. Prices rose after a Wednesday FOMC statement that said rates will remain low for an “extended time,” with gold hitting a fresh record overnight and silver also … Read more

US Dollar-Apropos of Everything

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“In May 2007 we wrote a lengthy piece called The Value of the Dollar in which we argued the following: Consistently excessive money and credit growth has taken the US economy past the point of no return. What (policy makers) have done consistently – and will continue to do – is inflate the money supply and promote more credit, thereby sustaining asset prices at the expense of the purchasing power of the US dollar. We argue the US dollar will ultimatily lose it’s status as the world’s reserve currency. In fact, we believe events currently unfolding may be foreshadowing the … Read more